A Place for CHAMPS

(celebrating, honoring, and memorializing pets)

A Pet Bereavement & Loss Space

WELCOME

ABOUT US

The idea for this site came about after the completion of my doctoral studies 4 years ago. My research on “The Impact of Animal Death and Euthanasia on Human Companions” was life changing & I felt it not only necessary but imperative to create a space in which hurting individuals could celebrate, honor and memorialize their deceased pets in a safe & accepting environment.

On a personal note:

Recently, I sensed some sadness in one of my relatives and gave her a call. I asked how she was and as I did not see the family’s furry friend at the last gathering, I asked about him. She told me in a breaking voice that he was experiencing difficulty breathing for a while and his breathing became more labored and so severe that a decision had to be made. There was an internal battle of wanting to hold on to him yet not wanting him in pain. The decision was made to relieve him of his suffering and he was euthanized.Household members were not even aware until after the procedure had been done. I found out two weeks later. I would have liked to have known so I could have offered my support and be present to say goodbye to our faithful family companion of 15 years but I get it. Having to make the decision to euthanize is complicated and loaded with a gamut of emotions. The loss for many is like that of losing a family member yet different in that if the deceased were a human family member, we would have all been informed and would have been able to support each other in the grieving process and openly honor & memorialized our beloved. Euthanasia, though an act of love, mercy and compassion, comes with a stigma. It’s painful, it comes with guilt, it comes with mixed emotions and it’s uncomfortable. Our little guy is no longer in pain and he rests in peace. We are grateful that he was a part of our lives.How each of us grieves is personal and we really can’t say what we would do in a certain situation or what someone else should do in a certain situation. Sometimes we just don’t know how to feel or what to do until faced with having to make a decision right away. The loss of an animal companion is difficult and in order for there to be increased awareness, acceptance and understanding of pet bereavement and loss on a wider societal scale, some introspection and candor are warranted. One has the option to keep on grieving privately or to share with others who are also hurting.

If your decision is to share, welcome to A Place for CHAMPS. You don’t have to grieve alone. This site was established with you in mind. It’s a safe place to Celebrate, Honor and Memorialize your Pets, animal companions or famimals as I call them.
Dr. LGN. (PsyD, MAEd in Counseling, PPSc. BSN, RN)

DEDICATION

In loving memory of our beloved deceased pets whose loyalty, faithfulness, and unconditional love have enhanced and enriched our lives. They have left us better than they found us, and for that, we are grateful.Maggie N., your death and the tear-jerking response of your human companion was the motivation for my research. You were dearly loved.Thank you, Maggie, Shaggy, Roger, Pablo, Kimna, Forrest, Mitch, Moe, and Max, for your unfailing love and devotion. Rest in peace. You are dearly missed.

DEDICATION

RULES

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Canine Officer Partners

Police K-9s are dogs that work with law enforcement, the armed forces, Homeland Security, the TSA, the Drug Enforcement Agency, or the fire department, and/or during disasters. When working with law enforcement, dogs are instrumental in rescue missions where they are often sent into dangerous situations. Their ability to hear & smell is extraordinary. They take down criminals, sniff for drugs and bombs, and search for dead bodies after fire, bombings, or disasters. The relationship between a K-9 officer and its police partner is a close one. K-9 Partners & their K-9 officers are invaluable in their field. The death of a K-9 officer is devastating. The grief is compounded and complicated by the fact that the K-9 Partner has lost a valuable coworker, companion & friend & the Law Enforcement Department & the Community have lost a hero.We appreciate the work of Law Enforcement & are grateful for your commitment, bravery & sacrifice in assuring the safety & protection of our country and its people. We salute you!!!
K-9 Partners/Handlers, we thank you & we honor the deceased.Please share how you are coping with the loss of our fallen K-9 officers & post about the deceased on the memorial wall if you choose to do so.

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Service Animal Owners

Service animals are instrumental in helping in the safety & health of their human companions and assisting them in carrying out their activities of daily living. These animals include diabetes service dogs (that can detect when blood sugar is out of range), service dogs for the hearing impaired (that can alert their human companion when someone is at the door or if an alarm goes off), seizure alert service dogs., seeing eye dogs ( that guide the visually impaired through their daily activities), psychiatric service dogs (that nudge human companions to take their medications or will interrupt a psychiatric episode & reorient their human companion) and sensory signal dogs ( that disrupt repetitive behaviors in autistic children). The death of a service animal causes a grief that’s two-fold because the bereaved has lost both a life enhancer and a companion.Please share your experience with the loss of your service animal.

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Pet Owners

As you know, pets are animals that live with their human owners and can include but not limited to birds, cats, dogs, fish, horses, and rabbits.
For many pet owners, the loss of their beloved companion animal is likened to the death of a close human family member or friend. We are so sorry for your loss.Please take a moment to share how you are coping with your loss & what your beloved pet would say to you if he/she were here & able to speak.

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Therapy Animals

Professional therapists use therapy animals in a variety of ways & in various settings to assist clients with issues such as PTSD, anxiety disorder, social skills challenges & other conditions where a therapy animal is deemed necessary. Some therapy animals include: Cats, dogs, fish, guinea pigs, horses, llamas, pigs, rabbits & reptiles.
Therapy animals can be found in but not limited to autistic programs, counseling sessions, nursing homes, at schools, in some occupational, physical & speech therapies.The loss of a therapy animal is devastating. Please share your experience with loss & how you are coping.

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Veterinarians & Animal Care Workers

Veterinarians & Animal Care Workers often choose to work with animals because of their love for them. Every day they are faced with end of life decisions which can be emotionally, mentally & physically draining. When an animal patient dies or is mercifully euthanized, these compassionate healthcare providers are adversely affected. The same hands that nurture & enhance the lives of their animal patients, are the same hands that often end the lives of the suffering.Veterinarians & staff, yours is a rewarding & at times, heart wrenching profession. We honor you and are appreciative of all that you do. This site was created with you in mind. Please feel free to share with your colleagues & the rest of us your strategies for coping with the grief & loss that you experience on such a regular basis.

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Words of Encouragement

Many have a difficult time understanding why people grieve so when their pets die. Well, if you’ve ever owned a pet, you become very close to them. You love them. You become so close that they become a part of your family! They are family!!! You love them deeply, and you grieve for them like you would a family member.Twice I’ve grieved as such. Once when I lost a kitten who contracted parvovirus, and once when I lost my dog Starlon. I shocked myself. I was in a heap sobbing so violently that it surprised those close to me. I took off work and to bed for three days.Can I tell you it’s okay, it’s normal and grief hits us all differently. Don’t let anyone make you feel it’s not normal to grieve over your pet. Grieve your way! Cry your tears. Know it’s okay and be encouraged that you are not alone in this arena. God gave us the capacity to love, and that includes our animals too! Praying for the people who visit this page and are grieving the loss of your precious animal.Ernestine Brown RN PHN MSN/CNS
Pastoral Care

Words of Encouragement

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An Interesting Animal Story

Credit: Lucy Freeman & BBC Earth

Sergeant Stubby

In 1917, a small stray mongrel puppy appeared in the training area of the 102nd infantry, near Yale, USA, where the Yankee Division was preparing for action in World War I. Christened Stubby by the soldiers because of his short tail, the puppy soon integrated himself into the ranks. His comrades taught him to “salute”, he learned bugle calls, and was allowed to join the soldiers on the front line.After being caught in a gas attack, he recognised the smell the next time it happened and was able to wake and warn the sleeping soldiers. He also caught a German soldier in the trenches by biting and holding him until relief arrived, and was adept at finding wounded soldiers, too. By the end of the war, Stubby had served in 17 battles, and was awarded lifetime membership of the American legion, as well as a gold medal for heroism commissioned by the Humane Education Society.

Healing Animals

Therapy animals, from dogs to miniature ponies, are becoming a common sight in hospitals, hospices, and prisons. Petting an animal releases endorphins (feel-good neurotransmitters), which can have a positive impact in patients dealing with depressive disorders, whilst caring for animals helps develop empathy and nurturing skills.It’s also been found that incidents of restlessness, confusion and violent behaviour are reduced among people with dementia following the introduction of animal therapy programmes. In some UK prisons, therapy dogs are used, and inmates at HMP Foston Hall look after a loft of ex-racing pigeons. This gives the prisoners a distraction and a focus, helping them reintegrate into society afterwards.

Healing Animals

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Sergeant Stubby

Credit: Lucy Freeman & BBC Earth

Sergeant Stubby (1916 – March 16, 1926) was a dog and the unofficial mascot of the 102nd Infantry Regiment and was assigned to the 26th (Yankee) Division in World War I. He served for 18 months and participated in 17 battles and four offensives on the Western Front. He saved his regiment from surprise mustard gas attacks, found and comforted the wounded, and allegedly once caught a German soldier by the seat of his pants, holding him there until American soldiers found him.His actions were well-documented in contemporary American newspapers.
Stubby has been called the most decorated war dog of the Great War and the only dog to be nominated and promoted to sergeant through combat. Stubby's remains are in the Smithsonian Institution.Stubby is the subject of the 2018 animated film Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero.

Early Life

Stubby was described in contemporaneous news items as a Boston Terrier or "American Pit Bull Terrier" mutt. Describing him as a dog of "uncertain breed," Ann Bausum wrote that: "The brindle-patterned pup probably owed at least some of his parentage to the evolving family of Boston Terriers, a breed so new that even its name was in flux: Boston Round Heads, American... and Boston Bull Terriers." Stubby was found wandering the grounds of the Yale University campus in New Haven, Connecticut, in July 1917, while members of the 102nd Infantry were training.He hung around as the men drilled and one soldier in particular, Corporal James Robert Conroy (1892–1987), developed a fondness for him.[4] When it came time for the outfit to ship out, Conroy hid Stubby on board the troop ship. As they were getting off the ship in France, he hid Stubby under his overcoat without detection.Upon discovery by Conroy's commanding officer, Stubby saluted him as he had been trained to in camp, and the commanding officer allowed the dog to stay on board.

Military service

tubby served with the 102nd Infantry Regiment in the trenches in France for 18 months and participated in four offensives and 17 battles. He entered combat on February 5, 1918, at Chemin des Dames, north of Soissons, and was under constant fire, day and night for over a month. In April 1918, during a raid to take Seicheprey, Stubby was wounded in the foreleg by retreating Germans throwing hand grenades. He was sent to the rear for convalescence and, as he had done on the front, improved morale. When he recovered from his wounds, Stubby returned to the trenches.In his first year of battle, Stubby was injured by mustard gas. After he recovered, he returned with a specially designed gas mask to protect him. He thus learned to warn his unit of mustard gas attacks, locate wounded soldiers in no man's land, and—since he could hear the whine of incoming artillery shells before humans—became very adept at alerting his unit when to duck for cover. He was solely responsible for capturing a German spy in the Argonne, leading to their unit's commander nominating Stubby for the rank of sergeant. Following the retaking of Château-Thierry by the U.S., women of the town made Stubby a chamois coat upon which his many medals were pinned. He was later injured again, in the chest and leg by a grenade. He ultimately had two wound stripes. At the end of the war, Robert Conroy and Stubby returned home in 1918.

Military service

wounded soldiers in no man's land, and—since he could hear the whine of incoming artillery shells before humans—became very adept at alerting his unit when to duck for cover. He was solely responsible for capturing a German spy in the Argonne, leading to their unit's commander nominating Stubby for the rank of sergeant. Following the retaking of Château-Thierry by the U.S., women of the town made Stubby a chamois coat upon which his many medals were pinned. He was later injured again, in the chest and leg by a grenade. He ultimately had two wound stripes. At the end of the war, Robert Conroy and Stubby returned home in 1918.

After The War

After returning home, Stubby became a celebrity and marched in, and normally led, many parades across the country. He met Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Calvin Coolidge, and Warren G. Harding. He also appeared on vaudeville stages owned by Sylvester Z. Poli and was awarded lifetime memberships to the American Legion and the YMCA.In 1921, General of the Armies John J. Pershing presented a gold medal from the Humane Education Society to Stubby, the subject of a famous photograph and other artistic media. During that same year, he attended Georgetown University Law Center along with Conroy, and became the Georgetown Hoyas' team mascot. Given a football at halftime, he would nudge it around the field, to the amusement of the fans. While still a student at Georgetown, Conroy was also employed as a special agent of the Bureau of Investigation, precursor to the FBI.Stubby died in his sleep in March 1926. After his death he was preserved via taxidermy and his cremains were sealed inside of the mount. Conroy later presented Stubby to the Smithsonian in 1956. The taxidermy mount of the dog is part of the permanent collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History and is currently on display in their “Price of Freedom: Americans at War” exhibit.

Legacy

Stubby received an obituary in the New York Times following his death in 1926. The obituary was half a page, much longer than the obituaries of many notable people of that time period.He was also the subject of a portrait by "Capitol artist" Charles Ayer Whipple. He was featured in the Brave Beasts exhibit at the Legermuseum in Delft, The Netherlands from 2008 to 2009. During a ceremony held on Armistice Day in 2006, a brick was placed in the Walk of Honor at the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City to commemorate Sergeant Stubby.Stubby was the subject of at least four books. In 2014, BBC Schools WWI series used Stubby as a Famous Figure to help teach children about the war, along with creating an animated comic strip to illustrate his life.Stubby has his portrait on display at the West Haven Military Museum in Connecticut.The descendants of Robert Conroy dedicated a life-size bronze statue of Stubby named "Stubby Salutes," by Susan Bahary, in the Connecticut Trees of Honor Memorial at Veteran's Memorial Park in Middletown, Connecticut, in May 2018. The statue pays tribute to fallen Connecticut veterans, where both Stubby and Robert Conroy are from.

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Credit: Lucy Freeman & BBC Earth

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Healing Animals

Credit: Lucy Freeman & BBC Earth

FredFroese - Getty

“Animals are the bridge between us and the beauty of all that is natural. They show us what’s missing in our lives and how to love ourselves more completely and unconditionally. They connect us back to who we are and to the purpose of why we're here."– Trisha McCagh, the “Animal Whisperer”References to dogs being “man’s best friend” have been ubiquitous in Western culture ever since the moniker was allegedly uttered by King Frederick of Prussia in 1789. Today, it would be hard to find an individual who has not had at least 1—hopefully more—wonderful interaction with a dog, a cat, a hedgehog, or 1 of countless other animals.What is less understood is how this innate bond between homo sapiens and animals can literally guide individuals to live healthier lives. Positively affecting subjective well-being and healthy mental functioning, animal therapy is quickly earning respect among mental health clinicians.

More importantly, a growing collection of empirical research is casting it as a respected therapeutic intervention along with mainstays such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing.Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, was known to have his Chow Chow, Jofi, sit in on sessions to calm patients and even identify their moods. If a patient was anxious, she would keep her distance. If they were calm, she would stay near them. “Dogs love their friends and bite their enemies, quite unlike people, who are incapable of pure love and always have to mix love and hate in their object-relations,” Freud was quoted as saying.Modern research on animal-assisted therapy (AAT) traces its origins to the 1960s when child psychologist Boris Levinson, PhD, stumbled across the benefits of using his dog Jingles in a therapy session. In his article “The Dog as a Co-Therapist,” he tells the story of a child with whom he had not been able to build rapport. He noticed it was much easier to interact with the child when the dog was around.He believed using pet therapy with children could help with diagnoses ranging from anxiety and depression to schizophrenia. He was so excited by the possibilities that at the end of his article, he called for the creation of a “Canine Counseling Corps for Children.” He admitted that the suggestion “might elicit snickers and sneers,” but reminded any skeptical readers that “a dog corps served this country heroically in the performance of military tasks in World War II. Why not as psychotherapeutic aides?”Levinson was joined in the 1970s by Samuel Corson, PhD, who was also compiling research. Corson and his wife, Elizabeth, wrote an article in 1975 explaining how canines could be used in hospital settings. They followed up with more studies, such as how dogs could be used to help psychotherapists treating severely mentally ill patients in psychiatric institutions. They posited that humans who were uncomfortable with and untrustworthy of others might better connect with an animal that would accept them, unconditionally and nonjudgmentally. This could lead patients to slowly open up to their therapists, facilitating a rapport that would have been impossible without the assistance of the therapy dog.Research on AAT has since become much more data-driven and evidence-based. Its positive effect on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has shown considerable promise. Today, therapy animals are used in a variety of settings that include inpatient treatment facilities, schools for children with special needs, residential substance abuse treatment programs, and more.Recently, the benefits of therapy dogs were on full display in Uvalde, Texas. The day after the tragic shooting at Robb Elementary School, trained animal therapists and their therapy dogs were onsite to assist children, adults, community members, law enforcement, and anyone struggling to process the traumatic event. Tears turned to smiles as the 10 or so therapy dogs, wearing red vests indicating their role, walked through crowds and provided much-needed love. It truly was AAT at its best. It showed just how quickly the kindness of an animal can help a person move toward healing.

AAT to Treat Mental Illness

Canines are the most well-studied AAT species. Dogs are innately unselfish and love unconditionally—traits that are quite difficult to find in humans. When it comes to PTSD, dogs are trained to help military service members, survivors of sexual assault, and other individuals who have experienced severe trauma. These individuals often struggle with debilitating symptoms such as anxiety, depression, self-isolation, and self-harm.Modern research on AAT provides many objective, measurable, and statistically significant findings. It is not as well-known as other therapies, such as CBT, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and cognitive processing therapy (CPT); however, AAT offers a variety of techniques that are poised to grow in popularity among therapists looking to incorporate different approaches.

Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy (AAP)

This type of animal therapy has largely been developed and used in Israel. In 2013, Nancy Parish-Plass wrote the book Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy: Theory, Issues, and Practice, which paved the way for a structured approach to using animals in therapy sessions. She also founded the Israeli Association of Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy to encourage more mental health clinicians to practice AAP.Her belief is that introducing the dog at the outset of therapy can help build rapport and lessen presenting symptoms. This is particularly beneficial when treating trauma patients who find it difficult to connect with others, including their clinician. Therapy animals help facilitate techniques designed to give patients the courage to do the deeper work. These can include:-Linking mindfulness-based exercises to the calming effect of petting an animal-Having the patient focus on the therapy animal if they feel a strong transference of feelings toward the clinician-Encouraging a patient to tell the therapy animal a secret they are not yet ready to divulge to the clinician

Equine Therapy

Hippocrates promoted the benefits of horseback riding as far back as 460 BC. Today, research indicates that it is an effective way to decrease symptoms of PTSD in military veterans. When compared to a waitlist control group in 1 study, veterans receiving equine therapy reported a significant decrease in their PTSD symptoms, as measured by the PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M). Amazingly, 18 out of 19 participants who completed all 6 weeks of treatment (and filled out the end of study PCL-M) reported decreases in their subjective level of PTSD symptoms. Limitations of the study were the small sample size. Also, the other variables the research team measured, such as changes in self-efficacy and emotional regulation, showed no significant findings in the treatment group. This may mean that the treatment on its own is effective in the short term, but the person receiving equine therapy may need additional psychotherapeutic treatments to build long-term coping skills. Even if it is only an addendum therapy to a well-rounded treatment plan, it is exciting to know that dogs are not the only animals that can aid their human counterparts toward wellness.It is interesting to note that AAT can be used multiculturally without the need to adjust how it is applied to different ethnic groups. This makes it unique among other treatment modalities. A 2021 metanalysis suggested that AAT in India, a country of roughly 1.4 billion people, may be equally effective as it is in Western cultures. The researcher was able to posit future uses of the modality and ways to measure its effectiveness. In calling for more research, education, and policy support, she noted that, “animal-assisted therapy today is witnessing a paradigm shift.”

Service Dogs

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines a service animal as “trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability.” This differs from an emotional support or therapy animal, which an individual may want or need to help them feel safe. Although there is no official registry for either type of assistance animal, the “service animal” designation has the backing of ADA. This means that it is federally illegal for an individual to be denied taking their trained dog with them.Service dogs that help the visually impaired are the most common type of service animal. These dogs are trained to guide individuals around dangerous objects, to identify doorways and stairs, and to help them walk through crowds. They are also trained to communicate when they need to potty. This helps the person who is visually impaired avoid any embarrassing situations, especially when frequenting a location honoring their rights.Service animals are often used to protect individuals with epilepsy from the dangers of seizures. These dogs are trained to alert a person that a seizure is imminent, to guide them to a safe place if they are about to have an episode, and to turn them onto their side to help open their airways.Unlike a therapy dog, service dogs are trained to focus solely on their human and to not be distracted by those around them. They often will wear a vest stating that they are not to be petted or given any type of treat by anyone other than their owner. Basically, even though a service dog may look like they would love a scratch behind the ear, they are at work performing a crucial job that literally could save their human’s life.

AAT in Action

Just 30 minutes west of San Antonio in the beautiful Texas Hill Country is Warrior’s Heart, a facility that works to rehabilitate individuals grappling with PTSD stemming from their military service. It also provides residential substance-use interventions to active-duty military members, veterans of the armed forces, and first responders who have sacrificed to help their fellow citizens. It is here that the therapeutic bond of canine and human can be observed.Among Warrior’s Heart’s great programming options exists an opportunity to care for dogs that are going through their own hardships. The program takes in rescue dogs, some on the brink of death, and feeds, shelters, and provides medical treatment to help them get back on their paws. Patients can help with this process while also receiving the love and affection these animals naturally seek to give. In a kind of beautiful symbiosis, patients learn how to care for something outside of themselves while working to rehabilitate their mental health. For many, this experience allows them to reconnect with others and get their feet back on the ground or back in their combat boots.Residents might even adopt the dog they helped nurse back to life. Some dogs go on to receive free training as a service or emotional support dog. As one Vietnam veteran at the facility perfectly summed up when he described Chloe, a Great Dane who arrived at the facility severely malnourished: “We both got here at the same time and have gotten better together.” Today, Chloe looks as healthy as a horse and is almost as large as one. The patient shed a tear as he shared how she was a benefit of the program he would miss the most. “I hate to leave her, but I just don’t have the room for her in my little yard,” he said.

AAT Certification Programs

Programs to train AAT therapists are becoming easier to find in the United States. Universities across the country as well as independent licensing organizations have sprung up offering a variety of training services.Prior to completing most certified programs, a dog must complete the American Kennel Club’s Canine Good Citizen exam. This quick test ensures that a potential therapy dog can interact appropriately with people and be well-behaved. Dogs must show they can complete basic tasks, such as accepting petting, sitting when asked, following their owner without tugging on their leash, and not getting easily overwhelmed in busy environments. Once this is completed, a person looking to become a certified pet therapist can begin the journey down a very rewarding vocational path.Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, offers the Animal-Assisted Counseling Academy, a program that is accredited by the American Counseling Association. Here, potential AAT therapists go through 40 hours of continuing education credits with their canine partner to learn different techniques to serve a variety of populations. Additionally, there are many certification programs online, although they may not offer the in-depth feedback of a hands-on program.

Concluding Thoughts

AAT is a therapeutic intervention that is only beginning to gain momentum in helping a wide variety of patients. From assisting veterans with PTSD symptoms learning to trust others to helping children with epilepsy complete daily tasks, dogs and horses are being used more and more. Equestrians around the world are using horses to help people heal their traumas and conquer their fears.For many, being around kind animals provides a type of warmth that cannot be easily matched by other people. Combining this powerful connection with the transformative effects of psychotherapy can help individuals receiving therapy move toward their goals.

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VETERINARIAN & ANIMAL CARE STAFF APPRECIATION

A special thank you to all veterinarians and animal care workers whose compassion for animals is the driving force behind their tireless, tedious and physically and emotionally challenging work. You are appreciated!

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Memorial Wall

Moe (2009 - 2024)

Titus Bell (2010 - August 17, 2024)

Maximus (2008 - 2024)

In Memoriam

Please tell us about your animal: Name given, personality, what you miss the most & a valuable lesson you learned from your beloved animal companion.

In Memoriam

Please tell us about your animal: Name given, personality, what you miss the most & a valuable lesson you learned from your beloved animal companion.

Moe (2009-2024)

Maximus (2008 - 2024)

Titus Bell (2010 - August 17, 2024)

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PET BEREAVEMENT AND LOSS RESOURCES

https://www.aplb.org (Association of Pet Bereavement and Loss)

https://www.lapoflove.com

https://www.redrover.org

https://www.resources.bestfriends.org

If counseling service is needed, please check with your health care insurance to see if counseling service is one of the benefits.

Some churches & other Faith-based facilities often provide counseling services for their members.

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Dedication
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